Te Whakanuia Matauranga Hua
He kaiwhakarato taputapu hanga mō ngā mīhini hanga mō ngā tau 30.
Reo
He kaiwhakarato taputapu hanga mō ngā mīhini hanga mō ngā tau 30.
He rite tonu te whiriwhiri i te wiri raima tika ki te whiriwhiri i te takirua pūtu tika mō te papa hanga. Ehara i te mea ko te mea nui rawa te mea tino whai hua. Ahakoa te āhua kaha o te pane pōka nui i roto i te rārangi pukapuka, ki te kore e taea te whiti i roto i te whakakaha matotoru, te tae atu rānei ki te raro o te ringihanga, e kore e mahi tika. Engari, ko te pōka iti, ka taea te uru ngāwari ki ngā wāhi whaiti, engari me nui ake ngā pūwāhi whakauru me te wā mahi.
E whakamārama ana tēnei aratohu hoko wiri raima me pēhea te whiriwhiri i te tauira tika mai i te tirohanga mahi ā-ringa. Engari ko te titiro noa ki te mana o te motuka, me whakataurite e ngā kaihoko te rahi o te pōka, te roa o te pou, te pūtake hiko, te auau wiri, te mokowā whakaurunga me ngā hiahia tiaki. Mō ngā kaimahi kirimana, ngā kaihokohoko, ngā kamupene reti me ngā tīma hoko, ka āwhina tēnei huarahi ki te whakaiti i te honikoma, te whakapai ake i te kiato o te raima me te karo i te hoko taputapu e ātaahua ana ki te pepa engari he uaua ki te raima tūturu.
Ka tangohia e te mīhini wiri raima te hau kua mau i te raima hou. Ina ringihia te raima, ka noho tonu ngā putunga hau i waenganui i te kirikiri, te whakapiri sima me te whakakaha. Mena ka noho aua putunga hau ki roto i te hanganga, ka puta he honikoma, he ngoikore ngā wāhi me te āhua o te mata. Ka tukuna e te wiri raima te wiri mā roto i te ranunga, ka puta ake ngā mirumiru hau i te mea ka rere te moata huri noa i te kōhatu me te rebar.
Me whakakīkī te wiri i te raima, kaua e nekehia puta noa i te anga. He hapa noa tēnei i te wāhi. Ki te whakamahia e te kaiwhakahaere te pōka pērā i te pūnu i roto i te kohua hupa, ka wehea pea te raima, ā, kāore he tangata e hiahia ana ki te hupa raima me ngā kōhatu i raro me te whakapiri wai i runga. E ai ki te Aratohu hanganga raima a Caltrans , me wiri te raima kia tae rā anō te moata me te wai ki te mata, ā, kāore e hiahiatia te wiri ki tua atu i taua wāhi.
Ko te huarahi tino whaihua ki te whiriwhiri i tētahi wiri pōka raima ko te tīmata ki te hanganga. Tirohia te mokowā whakakaha, te hohonu o te ringihanga me te āhua o te anga i mua i te whiriwhiri i te pane pōka. Ko te pōka tika ko te pane nui rawa atu ka taea te haere mā roto i te whakakaha, te tae ki te raro o te raima, ā, ka taea tonu te neke poutū me te kore he kaha.
He mea nui tēnei nā te mea ko te urunga te rohe tūturu i te papaanga. I roto i ngā whakakaha kapi, Te kōrero a te ASCC mō te aratohu ACI 309R-05 e kī ana me whai kia kaua e āraihia ngā wiri ā-roto, kia 4 × 6 inihi te iti rawa (100 × 150 mm) , ā, kaua te tawhiti whakapae o ēnei pūaha e neke ake i te 24 inihi (610 mm) arā, 1.5 ngā wā o te whānui o te awe . Ko te tikanga he pai ake te rahi o te pūaha ina nui ake te wāhi e wātea ana ki te hanganga hei mahi.
| Te Diameter o te Upoko Wiriwiri | Te Whānuitanga o te Mana | Te Mokowā Whakaurunga Mōrahi | Te Whakamahinga Tika |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3/4 inihi. | 3 inihi. | 4.5 inihi | He whakapakari tino piripono, he mahi whakatikatika iti rānei |
| 1-1/2 inihi. | 6 inihi. | 9 inihi. | Ngā pou, ngā pakitara angiangi me te rebar matotoru |
| 2 inihi. | 8 inihi. | 12 inihi. | Ngā mahi raima whakapakari whānui |
| 2-1/2 inihi. | 10 inihi. | 15 inihi. | Ngā turanga, ngā kurupae me ngā wāhanga waenga |
| 3 inihi. | 12 inihi. | 18 inihi. | Whakatuwheratia ngā wāhanga me te nui o te wāhi mahi |
| 3-1/2 inihi. | 14 inihi. | 21 inihi. | Ngā ringihanga nui me te iti o te pupūtanga whakakaha |
E whakaatu ana te ripanga he aha te take kāore e tika kia matapaetia te mokowā whakaurunga. Hei tauira, ko te Ngā raraunga e ahu mai ana i te ACI i whakarāpopototia e te ASCC e whakarārangihia ana he pane wiri ā-roto 2-1/2 inihi me te radius awe 10 inihi me te mokowā whakaurunga mōrahi 15 inihi. Ka taea tonu e te pane iti te mahi pai, engari me whakauru pinepine e te kaiwhakahaere. Ehara tēnā i te raruraru mēnā kei te whakamahere te kapa mōna; ka noho hei raruraru anake ina tumanako te katoa ka kapi te raima iti pērā i te raima nui.
Me rite te roa o te rakau wiri raima ki te tawhiti mahi tuturu i waenga i te waeine hiko me te pūwāhi whakauru. He māmā ake te whakahaere i te rakau poto mō ngā pereti, ngā turanga iti me ngā mahi whakatika. He pai te rakau roa ake, ngāwari mō ngā puka hohonu, ngā ringihanga nui ake me ngā wāhi kāore e taea e te motuka, te miihini rānei te tū tata ki te raima.
Ka āwhina pea ngā rakau roa ake i te toro atu, engari ka tāpirihia hoki te kaha tōia me te kaha whakahaere e te kaitā. Me whakauru tonu e te kaitā te pōka ki runga poutū, me tuku iho kia whakahaeretia, ā, me tango mārire. NPCA, e whakahua ana i ngā aratohu a te Portland Cement Association , ka homai he ture mahi whai hua: i muri i te totohu o te wiri i raro i tōna ake taumaha, tangohia i te 3 hēkona mō ia waewae poutū (300 mm) . Mā tēnei ka hoatu he wā ki te raima ki te kati i muri i te pōka, kaua e waiho he kōhao e rite ana ki te waitohu a te mīhini i tōna ingoa i roto i te ringihanga.
He kōwhiringa whai hua te wiri raima hiko ina wātea te mana pumau. He pai mō ngā papa hanga whare, ngā mahi o roto, ngā wāhi kua oti te hanga, me ngā kaupapa e pai ake ana te iti o ngā putanga hau. Me tirotiro e ngā kaihoko te ngaohiko, te roa o te taura, te tiaki pana me te hototahitanga o te mana ā-rohe i mua i te tono.
He pai ake te wiri raima penehīni mō ngā mahi o waho, ngā mahi rori, ngā turanga tūroa me ngā wāhi kāore e pono te hiko. Ka nui ake te herekore o te nekehanga, engari me whakaaro anō hoki ngā kaihoko ki te wahie, te ratonga miihini, te haruru me ngā wāhanga e toe ana. Mō ngā kaimahi kirimana e wiri ana i te raima i ia rā, ka taea e te pūnaha auau teitei te tuku putanga pumau ake i ngā wā mahi roa.
Hei tauira, Te rārangi whakapūmau raima a OLI E whakarārangihia ana ngā wiri hiko ā-roto auau-teitei me te tāuru 42V, toru-wāhanga, 200Hz me te auau ingoa o te 12,000 vpm . E kī ana te rārangi ingoa kotahi ka taea e ētahi tauira kaitahuri te huri i te tāuru kotahi-wāhanga 230V, 110V rānei, 50/60Hz noa ki te putanga auau-teitei e hiahiatia ana mō taua mahi wiri.
Mō ngā ringihanga noa, he awhe tīmatanga whai hua te 5–15 hēkona mō ia pūwāhi whakaurunga . E ai ki te pūrongo a te NPCA, ko ngā aratohu a te Portland Cement Association e 5 ki te 15 hēkona te roa o te whakaurunga, he nui hoki mō te whakaukatanga, engari ko te roa tika e whakawhirinaki ana ki te rahi o te wiri, te kaha ki te mahi i te raima me te hohonu o te mema.
Kaua te kaiwhakahaere e mahi mā te wati mutu anake. Ka puta ngā tohu ina kua ranea te raima hou. Ka mutu te piki haere o ngā mirumiru hau nui, ka tau te mata, ka huri te tangi o te wiri, ā, ka puta he kanapa angiangi. Mena ka tangohia te pōka, ā, kāore te kōhao e kati, me tāpiri anō pea te raima ki te taha tata mō tētahi wā poto. Mena ka wai te mata, ka tīmata rānei te tau o te kirikiri, kua roa rawa te noho o te wiri. Pērā i te maha o ngā mea i te papaanga, ehara i te mea ko te tere te take o te wā pai; engari ko te mōhio ki te wā e mutu ai.
Ko te hapa tuatahi ko te hoko mā te whānui pōka anake. Me tirotiro tonu e te kaihoko te ātea whakakaha me te mokowā whakaurunga i te tuatahi. Ko te hapa tuarua ko te whiriwhiri i te rakau roa rawa atu mō ia kaupapa. Mena he papaku te nuinga o ngā mahi, ā, he tata ki te waeine hiko, ka tere ake te ngenge o te kaiwhakahaere i te rakau roa. Ko te hapa tuatoru ko te whakatairite i te mana miihini anake me te kore e aro ki te auau, te whānui pōka me te radius o te awe.
Mō ngā kaihokohoko me ngā kamupene reti, kāore i te maha ngā tauira e kapi tika ana i ngā kiritaki katoa. Tērā pea kei roto i tētahi whānuitanga whai hua ngā pane pōka iti mō te whakakaha matotoru, ngā pane waenga mō ngā kurupae me ngā turanga, me ngā pane nui ake mō ngā ringihanga tuwhera. Mā tēnei ka māmā ake te taurite i ngā taputapu ki ngā mahi tūturu, ā, ka whakaiti i te tūponotanga ka whakapae te kiritaki i te mīhini i te mea ko te raruraru tūturu ko te kōwhiringa hē.
Ka tīmata te tiaki pai o te wiri raima i mua i te maroke o te raima. Whai muri i ia whakamahinga, horoia te pane pōka, te pou, te ngongo me te hononga i mua i te whakapakeketanga o te toenga raima. Me tirotirohia tonu te pou ngāwari, ngā peera, ngā hiri, te pana me te hononga hiko nā te mea ka mahi ngā taputapu wiri raima i roto i ngā āhuatanga maku, whakakoi me te taumaha.
Mō te rapurongoā ngāwari mō te wiri raima , wehea te raruraru kia rua ngā wāhanga. Mēnā kāore te motuka, te miihini rānei e tīmata, tirohia te pūtake hiko, te wahie, te taumata hinu, te pana, te mono mura, te taura me te tiaki taumaha. Mēnā kei te oma te waeine taraiwa engari he ngoikore te wiri o te pū, tirohia te hononga o te toki, te kakahu o te toki ngāwari, te āhua o te peera, te kino o te pane toki me te hinu whakahinuhinu. Mā tēnei whakahau ka penapena wā nā te mea ka karohia te whakakapi i ngā wāhanga matapōkere i te mea e mātakitaki ana te kapa i te raima hou e memeha haere ana.
Kōwhiria te pane pōka nui rawa atu ka taea te whiti mā roto i te whakakaha, tae atu ki te raro o te whakatakotoranga ka neke poutū me te kore e kaha. I roto i te whakakaha matotoru, tirohia ngā whakatuwheratanga urunga tuatahi; Ngā aratohu a te ASCC e hangai ana ki te ACI e pā ana ki ngā ara poutū kāore he arai, he 4 × 6 inihi (100 × 150 mm) te iti rawa mō te wiri o roto.
Me whai te mokowā whakaurunga i te radius o te awe o te pōka. Hei tauira, Ngā raraunga e ahu mai ana i te ACI i whakarāpopototia e te ASCC ka hoatu he radius awe 10 inihi ki te pane 2-1/2 inihi, me te mokowā whakaurunga mōrahi 15 inihi.
Mō ngā ringihanga noa, whakamahia te 5–15 hēkona mō ia pūwāhi whakauru hei awhe tīmatanga, kātahi ka aromatawaihia mā te whakamahi i ngā mirumiru hau, te kanapa o te mata, te taunga o te raima me te tangi o te wiri. E tautokona ana hoki tēnei awhe wā mahi e Te kōrero a te NPCA mō te mahi wiri tika .
Ka whiriwhiria te wiri raima tika mā te mahi whakamuri mai i te mahi. Tirohia te mokowā whakakaha tuatahi, kātahi ka tīpako i te whānui pōka, te roa o te pou, te pūtake hiko, te auau wiri me te mokowā whakauru. Ka āwhina te wiri pōka raima e ōrite ana ki te tango i te hau kua mau, ka whakaiti i te honikoma me te hoatu ki ngā kaimahi kirimana he kounga raima e taea te matapae.
Mō ngā kaihoko pakihi-ki-te-pākihi, ehara te hoko atamai i te tauira iti rawa te utu, i te pane pōka nui rawa rānei. Engari ko te whānuitanga tauira e ōrite ana ki ngā kaupapa e whakahaerehia ana e ō kiritaki. Mena kei roto i tō mahi he pereti, he pou, he turanga me ngā pakitara kua whakapakaritia, he pai ake te whakamahi i te nui atu i te kotahi te rahi pōka me te whirihoranga o te pou i te mīhini kotahi "kotahi te rahi mō te katoa".
