Kampani yogulitsa zida zomangira yomwe yakhala ikupereka mayankho a makina omangira kwa zaka 30.
Chilankhulo
Kampani yogulitsa zida zomangira yomwe yakhala ikupereka mayankho a makina omangira kwa zaka 30.
Kusankha soka la pamsewu kumamveka kosavuta mpaka malo enieni antchito ayamba kufunsa mafunso ovuta. Kodi mukudula konkire kapena phula? Kodi msewu ndi woonda, wokhuthala, wakale, wonyowa, wolimba, wosweka, kapena zonsezi nthawi imodzi? Kodi mukufuna m'mphepete mwa kukonza koyera, mzere wowongoka, kapena njira yachidule yodutsa pansi pa fakitale? Soka la pamsewu si makina okha okhala ndi tsamba. Ndi chida chomwe chimakhudza liwiro lodula, khalidwe lokonza, moyo wa tsamba, chitonthozo cha wogwiritsa ntchito komanso momwe gawo lotsatira la polojekitiyi lingapitirire bwino.
Zabwino chocheka msewu ziyenera kufanana ndi malo ogwirira ntchito, osati kungowoneka amphamvu pachithunzi cha chinthucho. Mapulojekiti ena amafunika makina odulira misewu ang'onoang'ono kuti akonze misewu yaying'ono. Ena amafunika simenti yolemera kwambiri yodulira misewu yozama. Ogwiritsa ntchito ena amasamala kwambiri za kudula molondola, pomwe ena amafunika kudula mwachangu kuti akonze phula mobwerezabwereza. Kusankha koyenera kumadalira zinthu, kuya kwa kudula, kukula kwa tsamba, mtundu wa mphamvu, kulamulira fumbi komanso kangati makinawo adzagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Ngati mukuphunzirabe chifukwa chake macheka a pamsewu ndi othandiza, choyamba mutha kuwerenga buku lathu lofananira: Ubwino Wogwiritsa Ntchito Macheka a Msewu Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza ubwino wa macheka a msewu waukulu pokonza msewu, kuyika mipata yamagetsi, kutseka fumbi komanso kudula bwino. Nkhaniyi ikupitiliza kuchokera pamutuwu ndipo ikuyang'ana pa funso lothandiza kwambiri: kodi mungasankhe bwanji macheka a msewu oyenera ntchito yanu?
Funso loyamba siliyenera kukhala lakuti “Kodi makinawa ndi otani?” Liyenera kukhala lakuti “Kodi makinawa amadula chiyani nthawi zambiri?” Chodulira cha konkire ndi chodulira cha phula zingawoneke zofanana patali, koma mikhalidwe yodulira si yofanana. Konkire ndi yolimba, yokhuthala ndipo nthawi zina yolimbikitsidwa. Asphalt ndi yofewa, koma nthawi zambiri imakhala yolimba kwambiri. Izi zikutanthauza kuti tsamba, mphamvu ya makina, liwiro lodulira ndi dongosolo la madzi zonse ziyenera kufanana ndi zinthuzo.
Ngati ntchito yanu yayikulu ndi kudula simenti, kudula malo olumikizirana kapena kukonza pansi pa fakitale, muyenera makina omwe angasunge tsamba lolimba ndikusunga mzere woyera. Chotsukira chogwirira ntchito kumbuyo kwa simenti ndi chothandiza apa chifukwa chimapatsa wogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yabwino yowongolera kudula kwakutali komanso kowongoka. Ngati ntchito yanu yayikulu ndi kukonza zigamba za phula, kukonza malo oimika magalimoto kapena kutsegula msewu, muyenera kuyang'anira kwambiri kuwonongeka kwa tsamba, kuyenda kwa makina komanso kugwiritsa ntchito bwino kudula. Asphalt ikhoza kukhala yabwino kudula poyamba, koma imatha kudya masamba mwakachetechete ngati zokhwasula-khwasula ngati tsamba lolakwika lagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Kwa akontrakitala omwe amafunikira makina amodzi a konkire ndi phula, msewu ndi gawo limodzi chabe la yankho. Kusankha masamba n'kofunika kwambiri. Makina monga Chodulira msewu cha konkireti cha GFS120 ingaganizidwe ngati ntchito yodula miyala ya konkire komanso kudula pamwamba pa phula. Kwa ogwiritsa ntchito omwe amagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana zokonza, mtundu uwu wa khwawa la pamsewu umapereka poyambira kothandiza.
Mtengo ndi wofunika, ndithudi. Palibe amene amadzuka mosangalala kuti awononge ndalama zambiri pa zida zomangira. Komabe, kudula kwambiri kuyenera kukhala mtengo woyambirira posankha khwangwala. Ngati makina sangathe kudula mozama mokwanira, mtengo wotsika wogulira ungapangitse kuti ndalama zambiri zikwere pambuyo pake. Ogwira ntchito angafunike ma pass ambiri, ntchito yophwanya kwambiri, ntchito yambiri komanso nthawi yochulukirapo kuti amalize ntchito yomweyo.
Kuzama kwa kudula kumalumikizidwa makamaka ndi mulifupi wa tsamba, mphamvu ya makina ndi kukhazikika kwa chimango. Chocheka chaching'ono cha msewu chingakhale chokwanira kudula kosaya, kukonza pansi pang'ono komanso mipata yaying'ono ya phula. Chocheka chachikulu choyendera kumbuyo kwa konkire chimakhala bwino pamisewu yokhuthala, ma slabs amafakitale ndi mapulojekiti okonza misewu. Chochekacho chikakula kwambiri, kukhazikika kwa makina kumakhala kofunika kwambiri chifukwa kugwedezeka kumatha kukhudza chingwe chodulira, kuchepetsa moyo wa tsamba ndikupangitsa ntchito ya wogwiritsa ntchito kukhala yovuta.
Pa ntchito zolemera, QF-700 chodulira konkire chodzipangira chokha ndi yoyenera pa ntchito yokonza misewu yozama, kukonza konkire ndi kudula malo olemera. Pa ntchito zonse zodula misewu zomwe ogwiritsa ntchito amafunikira kulinganiza kukula ndi luso lodula, Makina odulira misewu a konkireti a QF-400 ingakhalenso njira yothandiza.
Cholakwika chimodzi chofala kwambiri ndi kusankha makina akuluakulu chifukwa chakuti amawoneka aukadaulo kwambiri. Chocheka chachikulu cha msewu chimagwira ntchito bwino podula zinthu mozama, kudula mizere yayitali komanso ntchito zolemera. Koma ngati malo ogwirira ntchito ndi ochepa, odzaza anthu kapena odzaza ndi zopinga, makina ang'onoang'ono angakhale osavuta kusuntha, kunyamula ndi kugwiritsa ntchito. Kukula sikuli bwino nthawi zonse. Nthawi zina kukula kumatanthauza kuti wogwiritsa ntchitoyo amathera nthawi yowonjezera akuyesera kuti asagunde khoma, galimoto, kapena bokosi la zida la munthu wokwera mtengo.
Macheka ang'onoang'ono a pamsewu ndi osavuta kugwiritsa ntchito panjira zoyenda pansi, njira zolowera, malo ang'onoang'ono oimika magalimoto ndi ngodya zokonzera. Ndi oyenera kwa makontrakitala omwe amafunikira kuyenda mosavuta komanso kugwiritsa ntchito kosavuta. Macheka akuluakulu a konkire ndi oyenera kwambiri pomanga misewu, kudula pansi m'mafakitale komanso kukonza misewu mobwerezabwereza chifukwa amapereka magwiridwe antchito olimba komanso kukhazikika bwino pamizere yayitali.
Pa ntchito zokonzanso zazing'ono ndi zapakatikati, Chodulira msewu cha konkireti cha GFS-380 ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chodulira msewu cha konkire, makina odulira phula kapena chodulira pansi cha simenti chaching'ono. Pa ntchito zazikulu za msewu komanso zodulira zovuta, Chocheka cha konkire choyendera cha GFS-750 Ndi yoyenera kwambiri misewu yolimba ya konkire, misewu ya phula ndi ntchito zapansi zamafakitale.
Chocheka msewu chimakhala bwino ngati tsamba lomwe chimagwiritsa ntchito. Ngakhale makina olimba amatha kuchita bwino ndi tsamba lolakwika. Chocheka msewu cha tsamba la diamondi chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri podula konkire, phula ndi miyala yolimba, koma zipangizo zosiyanasiyana zimafuna mapangidwe osiyanasiyana a tsamba. Kugwiritsa ntchito tsamba limodzi pa chinthu chilichonse kuli ngati kugwiritsa ntchito nsapato imodzi ku ofesi, ngalande yamatope ndi msewu wa m'mapiri. Zingagwire ntchito kwa kanthawi, koma palibe amene ayenera kunena kuti ndi dongosolo lanzeru.
Pa konkire yokonzedwa bwino, tsamba liyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zolimba komanso zokhuthala. Pa phula, tsamba liyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito podula zinthu zokwawa. Pa konkire yobiriwira, kusankha tsamba kungakhale kosiyana chifukwa zinthuzo sizinaume bwino. Ngati tsambalo ndi lofewa kwambiri kapena lolimba kwambiri kuposa chipangizocho, liwiro lodulira, moyo wa tsamba, ndi ubwino wake wonse zingawonongeke.
Musanasankhe chodulira msewu, ogwiritsa ntchito ayenera kufunsa mafunso atatu okhudzana ndi tsamba. Ndi zinthu ziti zomwe zimadulidwa nthawi zambiri? Kodi ndi kuzama kotani komwe kumafunika kudula? Kodi makinawo adzagwiritsidwa ntchito podula mwachinyontho kapena kudula mouma? Mafunso awa amathandiza kupewa zida zosafanana komanso mtengo wosafunikira wa tsamba. Kwa ogula omwe ndi atsopano mu gulu la zida izi, nkhaniyi Mafunso Omwe Amafunsidwa Kawirikawiri Okhudza Makina Odulira Misewu ingaperekenso chidziwitso chothandiza chokhudza kugwiritsa ntchito makina odulira misewu komanso mafunso odziwika bwino okhudza kusankha.
Dongosolo la madzi pa msewu wodula lingawoneke ngati chinthu chaching'ono, koma lingapangitse kusiyana kwakukulu panthawi yodulira yeniyeni. Madzi amathandiza kuziziritsa tsamba, kuchepetsa fumbi ndikuwongolera kuwoneka bwino pamzere wodulira. Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri podula konkire chifukwa fumbi la konkire lingakhale vuto lalikulu pantchito. Kudula kouma komanso kopanda fumbi kungawoneke kodabwitsa, koma akatswiri ambiri amasankha zotsatira, osati mvula yamkuntho yaying'ono.
Kudula konyowa kungathandizenso kutalikitsa nthawi ya tsamba pochepetsa kutentha. Tsamba likatentha kwambiri, ntchito yodula imachepa ndipo tsamba likawonongeka imawonjezeka. Thanki yodalirika yamadzi kapena yolumikizira madzi imathandiza wogwiritsa ntchito kusunga kudula kosalala. Pa ntchito yayitali, kuchuluka kwa madzi ndi kuyenda kwa madzi ziyenera kuyang'aniridwa mosamala chifukwa kuyimitsa pafupipafupi kuti mudzazenso madzi kumatha kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa ntchito.
Kuwongolera fumbi la msewu kumalumikizidwanso ndi chitetezo ndi chitonthozo. Fumbi lochepa limatanthauza kuwoneka bwino, malo ogwirira ntchito oyera komanso malo abwino kwa ogwira ntchito ndi ogwira ntchito oyandikana nawo. Zachidziwikire, madzi amapanga matope, kotero kuyeretsa kuyenera kukonzedwa. Malo ogwirira ntchito onyowa ndi abwino kuposa fumbi, koma cholinga sikupanga dziwe losambira lokhala ndi konkire.
Gwero lamagetsi liyenera kugwirizana ndi malo ogwirira ntchito. Chotsukira msewu cha petulo nthawi zambiri chimasankhidwa kuti chigwiritsidwe ntchito panja chifukwa chimapereka kuyenda bwino ndipo sichidalira magetsi. Ndi chothandiza pokonza misewu, kudula malo oimika magalimoto, ntchito zoyendera pamisewu ya phula komanso malo omanga akutali. Ngati polojekitiyi isuntha kuchokera pamalo ena kupita kwina, mphamvu ya petulo imapatsa wogwiritsa ntchito ufulu wambiri.
Chocheka cha msewu cha dizilo chingakhale choyenera kudula panja molemera kwambiri komwe kumafunika mphamvu zambiri komanso kulimba. Makina a dizilo nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga misewu ndi zomangamanga zovuta. Komabe, chingakhale cholemera komanso chosayenerera bwino m'malo otsekedwa. Chocheka cha msewu chamagetsi nthawi zambiri chimakhala chabwino pantchito zamkati kapena zotsekedwa pang'ono chifukwa sichitulutsa utsi wotuluka panthawi yogwira ntchito. Chingakhale chisankho chabwino kwambiri pa malo osungiramo katundu, malo ogwirira ntchito komanso ntchito zokonzanso mkati.
Lamulo lothandiza ndi losavuta. Ntchito zakunja ndi zoyendera nthawi zambiri zimakonda petulo kapena dizilo. Ntchito zamkati kapena zotulutsa mpweya wochepa nthawi zambiri zimakonda zamagetsi. Ngati kasitomala akusankha khwangwala la msewu kuti agwiritse ntchito bizinesi yobwereka, kupereka njira zosiyanasiyana zamagetsi kungathandize ogwiritsa ntchito ambiri. Makasitomala ena amafunikira ufulu. Ena amafunikira ntchito yoyera. Ena amangofunika makina omwe amayamba bwino Lolemba m'mawa, zomwe ndi zodabwitsa kale pakupanga.
Chinthu china chofunikira ndi njira yogwirira ntchito. Macheka odulira ndi manja ndi osavuta, othandiza komanso oyenera ntchito zambiri zazing'ono mpaka zapakati. Ndi osavuta kumva ndipo nthawi zambiri ndi osavuta kusamalira. Kwa makontrakitala omwe amafunikira makina odalirika odulira konkriti wamba ndi phula, chitsanzo chodulira ndi manja chingakhale chokwanira.
Macheka a msewu opangidwa ndi theka-okha kapena oyenda okha amatha kuchepetsa kutopa kwa wogwiritsa ntchito akadula nthawi yayitali. Ndi othandiza pamene polojekitiyi ikufuna kuyenda bwino komanso liwiro lowongolera kudula. Izi zingathandize kuti ntchito yodula ikhale yosavuta, makamaka panthawi yodula misewu yayitali kapena kudula pansi mobwerezabwereza. Komabe, makina opangidwa ndi theka-okha angafunikenso kusamala kwambiri pakugwira ntchito ndi kukonza.
Kusankha kuyenera kutengera kuchuluka kwa ntchito ndi kukula kwa polojekiti. Ngati makina amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zina, kukanikiza ndi manja kungakhale kotsika mtengo. Ngati makinawo amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri pamakina ataliatali, kugwiritsa ntchito makina odzipangira okha kungawongolere kupanga bwino komanso kutonthoza. Chisankho chabwino nthawi zonse sichimakhala chovuta kwambiri. Ndi chomwe chimathetsa vuto la ntchito ya tsiku ndi tsiku popanda vuto lalikulu.
Chotsukira msewu sichigwira ntchito pamalopo okha. Chimafunikanso kunyamulidwa, kusungidwa, kutsukidwa ndi kusamalidwa. Zinthu zothandizazi n'zosavuta kuziiwala mukagula, koma zimakhala zenizeni mukatumiza. Ngati makinawo ndi aakulu kwambiri moti galimoto ya wogwiritsa ntchito singathe kuwagwiritsa ntchito kapena ndi olemera kwambiri moti sangakwanitse kuwanyamula bwino, ntchito iliyonse imakhala yovuta kwambiri kudula kusanayambe.
Kupeza njira yokonza zinthu n'kofunika kwambiri. Ogwiritsa ntchito ayenera kukhala okhoza kuyang'ana tsamba, lamba, makina amadzi, injini kapena mota, mawilo ndi zida zosinthira kuya popanda kulimbana ndi makinawo. Zipangizo zomangira zimagwira ntchito kale m'fumbi, m'madzi, m'malo ogwedezeka komanso m'malo ovuta. Kapangidwe kosavuta kuyang'ana ndi kusamalira nthawi zambiri kamakhala bwino pakapita nthawi.
Makampani obwereka ayenera kusamala kwambiri pankhaniyi. Chodulira msewu chobwereka chiyenera kukhala ndi moyo kwa ogwira ntchito osiyanasiyana, malo osiyanasiyana antchito komanso milingo yosiyanasiyana yachifundo. Makina okhala ndi ntchito yosavuta, kapangidwe kamphamvu komanso kukonza kosavuta nthawi zambiri amakhala abwino kwa ogwira ntchito zobwereka. Kwa makontrakitala olunjika, kukonza kosavuta kumatanthauzanso kuchepa kwa nthawi yopuma komanso kuchepa kwa kuchedwa.
Ntchito zosiyanasiyana zimafuna njira zosiyanasiyana zodulira msewu. Podula pansi pang'ono, konkire kakang'ono kangakhale kokwanira. Pokonza chigamba cha phula, makinawo ayenera kukhala osavuta kusuntha komanso oyenera kudula movutikira. Pakudula ngalande, kudula kuya ndi kuwongolera mzere wowongoka zimakhala zofunika kwambiri. Pakumanga misewu yolemera, makinawo amafunika mphamvu yolimba, mphamvu yayikulu ya tsamba komanso chimango chokhazikika.
Pa kudula pansi ndi misewu yonse, Macheka a konkire oyenda pansi a GFS-400 ndi GFS-500 amapangidwira pansi pa konkriti, panjira za phula ndi pamwamba pa misewu. Pa ntchito zovuta kwambiri zodula phula ndi konkriti, Chodulira msewu cha konkire choyendera kumbuyo kwa GFS-580 ingathandize ntchito zodula kwambiri.
Ogula sayenera kusankha dzina la chitsanzo chokha. Ayenera kuyerekeza kuya kwa kudula, kukula kwa tsamba, gwero lamagetsi, kulemera kwa makina, makina amadzi ndi kuchuluka kwa ntchito. Makina oyenera kukonza pang'ono angakhale opepuka kwambiri kuti asagwiritsidwe ntchito kwambiri pamsewu. Makina abwino kwambiri omangira msewu angakhale akuluakulu kwambiri kuti asagwiritsidwe ntchito pang'ono mkati. Kugwirizanitsa makina ndi ntchitoyo ndiye chinsinsi chenicheni.
Cholakwika choyamba ndi kugula mtengo wokha. Chocheka chotsika mtengo chingawoneke chokongola, koma ngati chidula pang'onopang'ono, chigwedezeka kwambiri kapena sichingafike pamlingo wofunikira, chidzawononga ndalama zambiri pantchito ndi kukonzanso. Cholakwika chachiwiri ndi kunyalanyaza tsamba. Tsamba si chokongoletsera chaching'ono pambali pa makina. Ndi gawo la makina odulira.
Cholakwika chachitatu ndi kusankha makina ang'onoang'ono kwambiri kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito molemera. Chocheka chaching'ono cha msewu ndi chothandiza pokonza pang'ono, koma chingavutike ndi msewu wokhuthala kapena mizere yayitali yodulira. Cholakwika chachinayi ndi kusankha makina akuluakulu kwambiri kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito malo opapatiza. Makina akuluakulu akhoza kukhala amphamvu, koma ngati sangathe kuyenda momasuka pamalo ogwirira ntchito, mphamvu imeneyo singathandize kwambiri.
Cholakwika chachisanu ndi kuiwala kulamulira fumbi ndi madzi. Fumbi lingakhudze chitetezo, mawonekedwe ndi ukhondo wa malo ogwirira ntchito. Dongosolo lodalirika la madzi limathandizira kuziziritsa tsamba, kudula bwino komanso kugwiritsa ntchito bwino. Cholakwika chomaliza ndi kusaganizira zothandizira pambuyo pogulitsa ndi zida zina. Chotsukira msewu chimagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri, kotero chithandizo chokonza ndi chofunikira kwambiri kuposa momwe ogula ambiri amayembekezera.
Kukula koyenera kumadalira kuzama kwa kudula, zipangizo ndi malo ogwirira ntchito. Macheka ang'onoang'ono a pamsewu ndi oyenera kukonza pang'ono, njira zoyendera anthu komanso misewu yosaya kwambiri. Macheka akuluakulu oyenda kumbuyo kwa konkriti ndi abwino kwambiri podula konkriti mozama, misewu ya phula komanso ntchito zolemera pamsewu.
Inde, macheka ambiri amisewu amatha kudula konkire ndi phula, koma tsamba liyenera kufanana ndi zinthuzo. Konkire ndi phula zimakhala ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zodulira, kotero kusankha tsamba ndikofunikira kwambiri pa liwiro lodulira, moyo wa tsamba komanso mtundu wa m'mphepete.
Chotsukira msewu cha petulo nthawi zambiri chimakhala chabwino kwambiri pa ntchito zakunja komwe kuyenda ndikofunikira. Chotsukira msewu chamagetsi nthawi zambiri chimakhala chabwino kwambiri pa malo okhala ndi mpweya wochepa m'nyumba kapena malo opanda mpweya woipa. Kusankha kwabwino kwambiri kumadalira mpweya wokwanira, magetsi, kuya kwa ntchito, ndi malo a polojekiti.
Kuzama kwa kudula kumasankha ngati makinawo angathe kudula bwino gawo lofunikira la msewu. Ngati kuzama sikukwanira, ogwira ntchito angafunike ma pass obwerezabwereza kapena ntchito yowonjezera yophwanya. Izi zimawonjezera nthawi, ntchito ndi zovuta zokonza.
Ngati ntchitoyo ndi ya nthawi zina, kubwereka kungakhale kokwanira. Ngati kontrakitala amagwira ntchito yodula konkire, kukonza phula kapena kukonza ngalande nthawi zonse, kugula soka la msewu kungakhale kotsika mtengo chifukwa kumapereka ulamuliro wabwino pa kupezeka kwa makina, kusankha tsamba ndi kukonza.
Kusankha makina oyenera odulira msewu sikuti kungofuna makina omwe angazungulire tsamba lokha. Kumakhudza kufananiza makinawo ndi zinthu, kudula kuya, malo ogwirira ntchito, gwero lamagetsi ndi zosowa za tsiku ndi tsiku zogwirira ntchito. Kusankha bwino kumathandiza wogwiritsa ntchito kudula mowongoka, kugwira ntchito mwachangu, kuchepetsa fumbi, kuteteza msewu wozungulira komanso kukonza bwino ntchito.
Pakudula konkire, kukonza phula, kudula pansi ndi kukonza ngalande, khwangwala la msewu liyenera kuonedwa ngati gawo la ntchito yonse yomanga. Limakonza malire asanayambe kusweka, kufukula kapena kukonza zigamba. Kudulako kukalamulidwa, masitepe otsatira amakhala osavuta. Kudulako kukapanda kukonzedwa bwino, sitepe iliyonse yotsatira imakhala yovuta kwambiri.
Ngati mukufuna kumvetsetsa zambiri za chifukwa chake macheka a pamsewu ndi othandiza pantchito zenizeni, werengani buku lathu la ubwino wogwiritsa ntchito macheka a pamsewu Ngati mwakonzeka kuyerekeza mitundu yosiyanasiyana, mutha kuwonanso mitundu yathu yonse ya makina odulira konkriti, makina odulira pansi ndi makina odulira misewu pa kuya kosiyanasiyana kwa kudula, njira zamagetsi ndi ntchito zomangira.
